Peak amplitude of target current determines deposition rate loss during high power pulsed magnetron sputtering

Film growth rates during DCMS and HIPIMS sputtering in Ar are measured for ten technologically-relevant elemental target materials: Al, Si, Ti, Cr, Y, Zr, Nb, Hf, Ta, and W, spanning wide range of masses, ionization energies, and sputter yields. Surprisingly, the ratio of power-normalized HIPIMS and DCMS rates α decays exponentially with increasing peak target current density JJTT for all metals. The effect of JJTT on α is dramatic: αα ≈ 1 in the limit of lowest JJTT values tested (0.04 A/cm2) and decreases to only 0.12 with JJTT ~3 A/cm2. With the exception of Al and Si, αα(JJTT) curves overlap indicating that the debated rate loss in HIPIMS is to large extent determined by the peak amplitude of the HIPIMS target current for all tested metals. Back attraction of ionized target species is responsible for such large variation